Home | About Us | Benefits of Massage | Contact Us

The Western Canon

Harold Bloom's
The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages
(New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994).


Click on any title below to search for more information on Amazon.


A. The Theocratic Age: 2000 BCE-1321 CE
B. The Aristocratic Age: 1321-1832
C. The Democratic Age: 1832-1900
D. The Chaotic Age: 20th Century



A. The Theocratic Age
"Since the literary canon is at issue here, I include only those religious, philosophical, historical, and scientific writings that are themselves of great aesthetic interest. I would think that, of all the books that are in this first list, once the reader is conversant with the Bible, Homer, Plato, the Athenian dramatists, and Virgil, the crucial work is the Koran....
"I have included some Sanskrit works, scriptures and fundamental literary texts, because of their influence on the Western canon. The immense wealth of ancient Chinese literature is mostly a sphere apart from Western literary tradition and is rarely conveyed adequately in the translations available to us." (p. 531)

The Ancient Near East
The Epic of Gilgamesh
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Holy Bible (King James Version)
The Apocrypha
Sayings of the Fathers (Pirke Aboth)

Ancient India (Sanskrit)
Mahabharata
Bhagavad-Gita
Ramayana

The Ancient Greeks
Homer. Iliad; Odyssey
Hesiod. Works and Days; Theogony
Archilochos
Sappho, Alkman
Pindar. Odes
Aeschylus. Oresteia; Seven Against Thebes; Prometheus Bound; Persians
Aeschylus. Suppliant Women
Sophocles. Oedipus the King; Oedipus at Colonus; Antigone; Electra
Sophocles. Ajax; Women of Trachis; Philoctetes
Euripides. Cyclops; Heracles; Alcestis; Hecuba
Euripedes. Bacchae; Orestes; Andromache; Medea; Ion; Hippolytus; Helen; Iphigenia at Aulis
Aristophanes. The Birds; The Clouds; The Frogs; Lysistrata
Arisotophanes. The Knights; The Wasps; The Assemblywomen
Herodotus. The Histories
Thucydides. The Peloponnesian Wars
The Pre-Socratics (Heraclitus, Empedocles)
Plato. Dialogues
Aristotle. Poetics; Ethics

Hellenistic Greeks
Menander. The Girl from Samos
Longinus. On the Sublime
Callimachus. Hymns and Epigrams
Theocritus. Idylls
Plutarch. Lives; Moralia
Aesop. Fables
Lucian. Satires

The Romans
Plautus. Pseudolus; The Braggart Soldier; The Rope; Amphitryon
Terence. The Girl from Andros; The Eunuch; The Mother-in-Law
Lucretius. The Way Things Are
Cicero. On the Gods
Horace. Odes; Epistles; Satires
Persius. Satires
Catullus. Attis and Other Poems
Virgil. Aeneid; Eclogues; Georgics
Lucan. Pharsalia
Ovid. Metamorphoses; The Art of Love; Heroides
Juvenal. Satires
Martial. Epigrams
Seneca. Tragedies, particularly Medea and Hercules Furens
Petronius. Satyricon
Apuleius. The Golden Ass

The Middle Ages: Latin, Arabic, and the Vernacular Before Dante
Augustine, Saint. City of God; Confessions
The Koran (Al-Qur'an)
The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Nights
The Poetic Edda
Snorri Sturluson. The Prose Edda
The Nibelungen Lied
Eschenbach, Wolfram von. Parzival
Troyes, Chrétien de. Yvain: The Knight of the Lion
Beowulf
The Poem of the Cid,
Pisan, Christine de. The Book of the City of Ladies
Pedro, Diego de San. Prison of Love



B. The Aristocratic Age
"It is a span of five hundred years from Dante's Divine Comedy through Goethe's Faust, Part Two [1321-1832], an era that gives us a huge body of reading in five major literatures: Italian, Spanish, English, French, and German. In this and in the remaining lists, I sometimes do not mention individual works by a canonical master, and in other instances I attempt to call attention to authors and books that I consider canonical but rather neglected. From this list onward, many good writers who are not quite central are omitted...." (p. 534)

Italy
Dante. The Divine Comedy; The New Life
Petrarch. Lyric Poems; Selections
Boccaccio, Giovanni. The Decameron
Boiardo, Matteo Maria. Orlando Innamorato
Ariosto, Ludovico. Orlando Furioso
Buonarroti, Michelangelo. Sonnets and Madrigals
Machiavelli, Niccolò. The Prince; The Mandrake, a Comedy
Vinci, Leonardo da. Notebooks
Castiglione, Baldassare. The Book of the Courtier
Stampa, Gaspara. Sonnets and Madrigals
Vasari, Giorgio. Lives of the Painters
Cellini, Benvenuto. Autobiography
Tasso, Torquato. Jerusalem Delivered
Bruno, Giordano. The Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast
Campanella, Tommaso. Poems; The City of the Sun
Vico, Giambattista. Principles of a New Science
Goldoni, Carlo. The Servant of Two Masters
Alfieri, Vittorio. Saul

Portugal
Camoëns, Luis de. The Lusiads
Ferreira, Antònio. Poetry

Spain
Manrique, Jorge. Coplas
Rojas, Fernando de. La Celestina
Anonymous. Lazarillo de Tormes.
Quevedo, Francisco de. Visions; Satirical Letter of Censure
León, Fray Luis de. Poems
Cross, St. John of the. Poems
Góngora, Luis de. Sonnets; Soledades
Cervantes, Miguel de. Don Quixote; Exemplary Stories
Vega, Lope de. La Dorotea; Fuente Ovejuna; Lost in a Mirror; The Knight of Olmedo
Molina, Tirso de. The Trickster of Seville
Barca, Pedro Calderón de la. Life is a Dream; The Mayor of Zalamea; The Mighty Magician; The Doctor of His Own Honor
Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la. Poems

England and Scotland
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales; Troilus and Criseyde
Malory, Sir Thomas. Le Morte D'Arthur
Dunbar, William. Poems
Skelton, John. Poems
More, Sir Thomas. Utopia
Wyatt, Sir Thomas. Poems
Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of. Poems
Sidney, Sir Philip. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia; Astrophel and Stella; An Apology for Poetry
Brooke, Fulke Greville, Lord. Poems
Spenser, Edmund. The Faerie Queene; The Minor Poems
Ralegh, Sir Walter. Poems
Marlowe, Christopher. Poems and Plays
Drayton, Michael. Poems
Daniel, Samuel. Poems; A Defence of Ryme
Nashe, Thomas. The Unfortunate Traveller
Kyd, Thomas. The Spanish Tragedy
Shakespeare, William. Plays and Poems
Campion, Thomas. Songs
Donne, John. Poems; Sermons
Jonson, Ben. Poems, Plays, and Masques
Bacon, Francis. Essays
Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy
Browne, Sir Thomas. Religio Medici; Hydriotaphia, or Urne-Buriall; The Garden of Cyrus
Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan
Herrick, Robert. Poems
Carew, Thomas. Poems
Lovelace, Richard. Poems
Marvell, Andrew. Poems
Herbert, George. The Temple
Traherne, Thomas. Centuries, Poems, and Thanksgivings
Vaughan, Henry. Poetry
Rochester, John Wilmot, Earl of. Poems
Crashaw, Richard. Poems
Fletcher, Francis Beaumont and John. Plays
Chapman, George. Comedies, Tragedies, Poems
Ford, John. 'Tis Pity She's a Whore
Marston, John. The Malcontent
Webster, John. The White Devil; The Duchess of Malfi
Rowley, Thomas Middleton and William. The Changeling
Tourneur, Cyril. The Revenger's Tragedy
Massinger, Philip. A New Way to Pay Old Debts
Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim's Progress
Walton, Izaak. The Compleat Angler
Milton, John. Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Lycidas, Comus, and the Minor Poems; Samson Agonistes; Areopagitica
Aubrey, John. Brief Lives
Taylor, Jeremy. Holy Dying
Butler, Samuel. Hudibras
Dryden, John. Poetry and Plays; Critical Essays
Otway, Thomas. Venice Preserv'd
Congreve, William. The Way of the World; Love for Love
Swift, Jonathan. A Tale of a Tub; Gulliver's Travels; Shorter Prose Works; Poems
Etherege, Sir George. The Man of Mode
Pope, Alexander. Poems
Gay, John. The Beggar's Opera
Boswell, James. Life of Johnson; Journals
Johnson, Samuel. Works
Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Burke, Edmund. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Sublime and Beautiful; Reflections on the Revolution in France
Morgann, Maurice. An Essay on the Dramatic Character of Sir John Falstaff
Collins, William. Poems
Farquhar, George. The Beaux' Strategem; The Recruiting Officer
Wycherley, William. The Country Wife; The Plain Dealer
Smart, Christopher. Jubilate Agno; A Song to David
Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield; She Stoops to Conquer; The Traveller; The Deserted Village
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley. The School of Scandal; The Rivals
Cowper, William. Poetical Works
Crabbe, George. Poetical Works
Defoe, Daniel. Moll Flanders; Robinson Crusoe; A Journal of the Plague Year
Richardson, Samuel. Clarissa; Pamela; Sir Charles Grandison
Fielding, Henry. Joseph Andrews; The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
Smollett, Tobias. The Expedition of Humphry Clinker; The Adventures of Roderick Random
Sterne, Laurence. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman; A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy
Burney, Fanny. Evelina
Steele, Joseph Addison and Richard. The Spectator

France
Froissart, Jean. Chronicles; The Song of Roland
Villon, François. Poems
Montaigne, Michel de. Essays
Rabelais, François. Gargantua and Pantagruel
Navarre, Marguerite de. The Heptameron
Bellay, Joachim Du. The Regrets
Scève, Maurice. Délie
Ronsard, Pierre. Odes, Elegies, Sonnets
Commynes, Philippe de. Memoirs
d'Aubigné, Agrippa. Les Tragiques
Garnier, Robert. Mark Antony; The Jewesses
Corneille, Pierre. The Cid; Polyeucte; Nicomède; Horace; Cinna; Rodogune
Rochefoucauld, François de La. Maxims
Fontaine, Jean de La. Fables
Moliere. The Misanthrope; Tartuffe; The School for Wives
Moliere. The Learned Ladies; Don Juan; School for Husbands; Ridiculous Precieuses; The Would-Be Gentleman
Moliere. The Miser; The Imaginary Invalid
Pascal, Blaise. Pensées
Bosuet, Jacques-Bénigne. Funerary Orations
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas. The Art of Poetry; Lutrin
Racine, Jean. Phaedra; Andromache; Britannicus; Athaliah
Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de. Seven Comedies
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Confessions; Émile; La Nouvelle Héloïse
Voltaire. Zadig; Candide; Letters on England; The Lisbon Earthquake
Prevost, Abbe. Manon Lescaut
Fayette, Madame de La. The Princess of Cleves
Chamfort, Sébastien-Roch Nicolas de. Products of the Perfected Civilization
Diderot, Denis. Rameau's Nephew
Laclos, Choderlos de. Dangerous Liaisons

Germany
Erasmus. In Praise of Folly
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Faust, Parts One and Two; Dichtung und Wahrheit; Egmont
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Elective Affinities; The Sorrows of Young Werther; Poems; Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship; Wilhelm Meister's Years of Wandering
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Italian Journey; Verse Plays; Hermann and Dorothea; Roman Elegies
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. Venetian Epigrams; West-Eastern Divan
Schiller, Friedrich. The Robbers; Mary Stuart; Wallenstein; Don Carlos; On the Naïve and Sentimental in Literature
Lessing, Gotthold. Laocoön; Nathan the Wise
Hölderlin, Freidrich. Hymns and Fragments; Selected Poems
Kleist, Heinrich von. Five Plays; Stories



C. The Democratic Age
"I have located Vico's Democratic Age in the post-Goethean nineteenth century, when the literature of Italy and Spain ebbs, yielding eminence to England with its renaissance of the Renaissance in Romanticism, and to a lesser degree to France and Germany. This is also the era where the strength of both Russian and American literature begins." (p. 540)

Italy
Foscolo, Ugo. On Sepulchres; Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis; Odes and The Graces
Manzoni, Alessandro. The Betrothed; On the Historical Novel
Leopardi, Giacomo. Essays and Dialogues; Poems; The Moral Essays
Belli, Giuseppe Gioacchino. Roman Sonnets
Carducci, Giosué. Hymn to Satan; Barbarian Odes; Rhymes and Rhythms
Verga, Giovanni. Little Novels of Sicily; Mastro-Don Gesualdo; The House by the Medlar Tree; The She-Wolf and Other Stories

Spain and Portugal
Bécquer, Gustavo Adolpho. Poems
Galdós, Benito Pérez. Fortunata and Jacinta
(Clarín), Leopoldo Alas. La Regenta
Queirós, José Maria de Eça de. The Maias

France
Constant, Benjamin. Adolphe; The Red Notebook
Chateaubriand, François-Auguste-René de. Attala; René; The Ge nius of Christianity
Lamartine, Alphonse de. Meditations
Vigny, Alfred de. Chatterton; Poems
Hugo, Victor. The Distance, the Shadows: Selected Poems; Les Misérables
Hugo, Victor. Notre-Dame of Paris; William Shakespeare; The Toilers of the Sea; The End of Satan; God
Musset, Alfred de. Poems; Lorenzaccio
Nerval, Gérard de. The Chimeras; Sylvie; Aurelia
Gautier, Théophile. Mademoiselle de Maupin; Enamels and Cameos
Balzac, Honoré de. The Girl with the Golden Eyes; Louis Lambert; The Wild Ass's Skin
Balzac, Honoré de. Old Goriot; Cousin Bette; A Harlot High and Low; Eugénie Grandet; Ursule Mirouet
Stendhal. On Love; The Red and the Black; The Charterhouse of Parma
Flaubert, Gustave. Madame Bovary; Sentimental Education; Salammbô; A Simple Soul
Sand, George. The Haunted Pool
Baudelaire, Charles. Flowers of Evil; Paris Spleen
Mallarmé, Stéphane. Selected Poetry and Prose
Verlaine, Paul. Selected Poems
Rimbaud, Arthur. Complete Works
Corbière, Tristan. Les Armours Jaunes
Laforgue, Jules. Selected Writings
Maupassant, Guy de. Selected Short Stories
Zola, Émile. Germinal; L'Assommoir; Nana

Scandinavia
Ibsen, Henrik. Brand; Peer Gynt; Emperor and Galilean; Hedda Gabler; The Master Builder; The Lady from the Sea; When We Dead Awaken
Strindberg, August. To Damascus; Miss Julie; The Father; The Dance of Death; The Ghost Sonata; A Dream Play

Great Britain
Burns, Robert. Poems
Blake, William. Complete Poetry and Prose
Wordsworth, William. Poems; The Prelude
Scott, Sir Walter. Waverley; The Heart of Midlothian; Redgauntlet; Old Mortality
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice; Emma; Mansfield Park; Persuasion
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Poems and Prose
Wordsworth, Dorothy. The Grasmere Journal
Hazlitt, William. Essays and Criticism
Byron, Lord. Don Juan; P oems
Landor, William Savage. Poems; Imaginary Conversations
Quincey, Thomas De. Confessions of an English Opium Eater; Selected Prose
Lamb, Charles. Essays
Edgeworth, Maria. Castle Rackrent
Galt, John. The Entail
Gaskell, Elizabeth. Cranford; Mary Barton; North and South
Hogg, James. The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner
Maturin, Charles. Melmoth the Wanderer
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Poems; A Defence of Poetry
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein
Clare, John. Poems
Keats, John. Poems and Letters
Beddoes, Thomas Lovell. Death's Jest-Book; Poems
Darley, George. Nepenthe; Poems
Hood, Thomas. Poems
Wade, Thomas. Poems
Browning, Robert. Poems; The Ring and the Book
Dickens, Charles. The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club; David Copperfield; The Adventures of Oliver Twist
Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities; Bleak House; Hard Times; Nicholas Nickleby; Dombey and Son; Great Expectations; Martin Chuzzlewit; Christmas Stories; Little Dorrit; Our Mutual Friend; The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord. Poems
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel. Poems and Translations
Matthew Arnold. Poems; Essays
Clough, Arthur Hugh. Poems
Rossetti, Christina. Poems
Peacock, Thomas Love. Nightmare Abbey; Gryll Grange
Hopkins, Gerald Manley. Poems and Prose
Carlyle, Thomas. Selected Prose; Sartor Resartus
Ruskin, John. Modern Painters; The Stones of Venice; Unto This Last; The Queen of the Air
Pater, Walter. Studies in the History of the Renaissance; Appreciations; Imaginary Portraits; M arius the Epicurean
FitzGerald, Edward. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
Mill, John Stuart. On Liberty; Autobiography
Newman, John Henry. Apologia pro Vita Sua; A Grammar of Assent; The Idea of a University
Trollope, Anthony. The Barsetshire Novels; The Palliser Novels; Orley Farm; The Way We Live Now
Carroll, Lewis. Complete Works
Lear, Edward. Complete Nonsense
Gissing, George. New Grub Street
Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Poems and Letters
Brontë, Charlotte. Jane Eyre; Villette
Brontë, Emily. Poems; Wuthering Heights
Thackeray, William Makepeace. Vanity Fair; The History of Henry Esmond
Meredith, George. Poems; The Egoist
Thompson, Francis. Poems
Johnson, Lionel. Poems
Bridges, Robert. Poems
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith. Collected Poems; The Man Who Was Thursday
Butler, Samuel. Erewhon; The Way of All Flesh
Gilbert, W. S.. Complete Plays of Gilbert and Sullivan; Bab Ballads
Collins, Wilkie. The Moonstone; The Woman in White; No Name
Patmore, Coventry. Odes
Thomson, James (Bysshe Vanolis). The City of the Dreadful Night
Wilde, Oscar. Plays; The Picture of Dorian Gray; The Artist as Critic; Letters
Davidson, John. Ballads and Songs
Dowson, Ernest. Complete Poems
Eliot, George. Adam Bede; Silas Marner; The Mill on the Floss; Middlemarch; Daniel Deronda
Stevenson, Robert Louis. Essays; Kidnapped; Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; Treasure Island; The New Arabian Nights
Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Master of Ballantrae; Weir of Hermiston
Morris, William. Early Romances; Poems; The Earthly Paradise; The Well at the World's End; News from Nowhere
Stoker, Bram. Dracula
Macdonald, George. Lilith; At the Back of the North Wind

Germany
Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenburg). Hymns to the Night; Aphorisms
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. Fairy Tales
Mörike, Eduard. Selected Poems; Mozart on His Way to Prague
Storm, Theodor. Immensee; Poems
Keller, Gottfried. Green Henry; Tales
Hoffmann, E. T. A.. The Devil's Elixir; Tales
Gotthelf, Jeremias. The Black Spider
Stifter, Adalbert. Indian Summer; Tales
Schlegel, Friedrich. Criticism and Aphorisms
Büchner, Georg. Danton's Death; Woyzeck
Heine, Heinrich. Complete Poems
Wagner, Richard. The Ring of the Nibelung
Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy; Beyond Good and Evil; On the Genealogy of Mo rals; The Will to Power
Fontane, Theodor. Effi Briest
George, Stefan. Selected Poems

Russia
Pushkin, Aleksandr. Complete Prose Tales; Complete Poetry; Eugene Onegin; Narrative Poems; Boris Godunov
Gogol, Nikolay. The Complete Tales; Dead Souls; The Government Inspector
Lermontov, Mikhail. Narrative Poems; A Hero of Our Time
Aksakov, Segey. A Family Chronicle
Herzen, Aleksandr. My Past and Thoughts; From the Other Shore
Goncharov, Ivan. The Frigate Pallada; Oblomov
Turgenev, Ivan. A Sportsman's Notebook; A Month in the Country; Fathers and Sons; On the Eve; First Love
Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Notes from the Underground; Crime and Punishment; The Idiot; The Possessed (The Devils); The Brothers Karamazov; Short Novels
Tolstoy, Leo. The Cossacks; War and Peace; Anna Karenina; A Confession; The Power of Darkness; Short Novels
Leskov, Nikolay. Tales
Ostrovsky, Aleksandr. The Storm
Chernyshevsky, Nikolay. What is to Be Done?
Blok, Aleksandr. The Twelve and Other Poems
Chekhov, Anton. The Tales; The Major Plays

The United States
Irving, Washington. The Sketch Book
Bryant, William Cullen. Collected Poems
Cooper, James Fenimore. The Deerslayers
Whittier, John Greenleaf. Collected Poems
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Nature; Essays; Representative Men; The Conduct of Life; Journals; Poems
Dickinson, Emily. Complete Poems
Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass, first edition; Leaves of Grass, third edition; The Complete Poems ; Specimen Days
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter; Tales and Sketches; The Marble Faun; Notebooks
Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; The Piazza Tales; Billy Budd; Collected Poems; Clarel
Poe, Edgar Allen. Poetry and Tales; Essays and Reviews; The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym; Eureka
Very, Jones. Essays and Poems
Tuckerman, Frederick Goddard. The Cricket and Other Poems
Thoreau, Henry David. Walden; Poems; Essays
Dana, Richard Henry. Two Years Before the Mast
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. Selected Poems
Lanier, Sidney. Poems
Parkman, Francis. France and England in North America; The California and Oregon Trail
Adams, Henry. The Education of Henry Adams; Mont Saint-Michel and Chartres
Bierce, Ambrose. Collected Writings
Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women
Chesnutt, Charles W.. The Short Fiction
Chopin, Kate. The Awakening
Howells, William Dean. The Rise of Silas Lapham; A Modern Instance
Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage; Stories and Poems
James, Henry. The Portrait of a Lady; The Bostonians; The Princess Casamassima; The Awkward Age; Short Novels and Tales; The Ambassadors; The Wings of the Dove; The Golden Bowl
Frederic, Harold. The Damnation of Theron Ware
Twain, Mark. Complete Short Stories; The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; The Devil's Racetrack; N umber Forty-Four: The Mysterious Stranger; Pudd'nhead Wilson
Twain, Mark. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court
James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience; Pragmatism
Norris, Frank. The Octopus
Jewett, Sarah Orne. The Country of the Pointed Firs and Other Stories
Stickney, Trumbull. Poems



D. The Chaotic Age: A Canonical Prophecy
"I am not as confident about this list as the first three. Cultural prophecy is always a mug's game. Not all of the works here can prove to be canonical; literary overpopulation is a hazard to many among them. But I have neither excluded nor included on the basis of cultural politics of any kind." (p. 548)

Italy
Pirandello, Luigi. Naked Masks: Five Plays
D'Annunzio, Gabriele. Maia: In Praise of Life
Campana, Dino. Orphic Songs
Saba, Umberto. Stories and Recollections; Poems
Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi di. The Leopard
Ungaretti, Giuseppe. Selected Poems; The Buried Harbour: Selected Poems
Montale, Eugenio. The Storm and Other Things: Poems; The Occasions: Poems; Cuttlefish Bone s: Poems; Otherwise: Last and First Poems; The Second Life of Art: Selected Essays
Quasimodo, Salvatore. Selected Writings: Poems and Discourse on Poetry
Landolfi, Tommaso.